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  "text" : "(德国之声中文网）中国手握全球约90%的稀土加工能力。在特朗普政府4月初宣布向所有中国进口商品征收最高达145%的关税后，中国政府下令限制多种重稀土金属以及稀土磁铁的出口。只有在获得特殊出口许可证的情况下，这些金属以及用它们制造的特殊磁铁才能运出中国。此举对全球汽车制造商、航空航天制造商、半导体公司及武器制造商的核心供应链造成巨大冲击。 德国汽车制造商宝马本周三（6月4日）表示，其部分供应商受到稀土短缺的影响，但宝马自己的工厂仍在正常运转。 欧洲汽车供应商协会（CLEPA）表示，由于稀土短缺，欧洲的汽车零部件供应商已有数条生产线关闭；此外，自4月初以来，汽车零部件供应商提交的数百份稀土出口许可证申请中，迄今为止只有四分之一获得批准，一些申请因所谓的“程序性原因”被拒绝。欧洲汽车供应商协会指出，“各省的流程似乎有所不同，在很多情况下，政府要求提供涉及知识产权的敏感信息。” 该协会补充说，如果不尽快简化流程，随着库存消耗耗尽，未来三到四周内可能会有更多工厂受到影响。 德国汽车制造商大众汽车本周三则表示，该公司了解到中国已向分包商发放了有限数量的稀土出口许可证，大众公司目前并未出现任何短缺。 上周，一家印度电动汽车制造商也抱怨中国的稀土出口限制措施正在威胁其生产。 德国电气与数字化行业协会（ZVEI）首席执行官沃尔夫冈·韦伯（Wolfgang Weber）在一份电子邮件声明中表示，一些公司的库存仅够维持几周或几个月。他写道：“一些公司现在感到被政客抛弃，他们正在中国自行寻找解决困境的方案。” 全球最大的安全气囊和安全带制造商、瑞典奥托立夫公司（Autoliv）表示，其运营并未受到影响，但首席执行官米凯尔·布拉特（Mikael Bratt）表示，他已成立了一个工作组来应对这一情况。 5月12日，中美在日内瓦举行经贸会谈，就暂缓执行惩罚性关税达成协议，中方同时表示将“采取必要措施，暂停或取消自2025年4月2日起针对美国的非关税反制措施”。 地缘政治风险谘询公司Stratfor在一份报告中指出，“根据5月12日达成的协议，这些（出口）许可制度可能会继续实施，但北京可能会加快审批时间，并减少申请被拒绝的情况。” 汽车制造商和供应商加紧寻找对策 从通用汽车到宝马，从采埃孚（ZF Group）到博格华纳（BorgWarner） ，汽车制造商及主要供应商都在研发或已经开发出稀土含量低或完全不用稀土的电机，以减少对中国的依赖，但很少有公司能够实现规模化生产以降低成本。 宝马已为其最新一代电动汽车配备了无磁电机，但仍需要稀土来生产驱动雨刮器或车窗滚轮等部件的小型电机。 欧盟工业战略委员斯特凡·塞乔纳（Stephane Sejourne）本周三表示，实现原材料供应多元化对于未来保持独立至关重要。他补充说，欧盟应减少在稀土磁铁方面对中国的依赖。他说：“我们必须减少对所有国家的依赖，特别是像中国这样的一些国家。我们对它们的依赖程度超过100% (...) 出口禁令增强了我们实现多元化的意愿。” 中国放松关键矿产出口管制的步伐缓慢，已成为特朗普批评北京的焦点。特朗普称，北京违反了5月份达成的旨在取消关税和贸易限制的休战协议。 特朗普本周三在其真相社交平台发文称，“我喜欢中国国家主席习近平，过去喜欢，将来也喜欢，但他非常强硬，很难与他达成协议。”外界预计，特朗普习近平本周将通话，出口限制问题预计将成为重要议题。 (路透社等） DW中文有Instagram！欢迎搜寻dw.chinese，看更多深入浅出的图文与影音报道。 © 2025年德国之声版权声明：本文所有内容受到著作权法保护，如无德国之声特别授权，不得擅自使用。任何不当行为都将导致追偿，并受到刑事追究。",
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