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    "description" : "特朗普宣布对钢铝产品加征25%关税，且无例外豁免。德国钢铁制造商和汽车供应商将尤其受到影响",
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  "name" : "特朗普对钢铝加征关税对德国影响几何？",
  "teaser" : "特朗普宣布对钢铝产品加征25%关税，且无例外豁免。德国钢铁制造商和汽车供应商将尤其受到影响。",
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  "text" : "（德国之声中文网）特朗普宣布对美国进口钢铝征收25%关税，无例外豁免。特朗普将这一旨在保护美国本土企业并减少贸易逆差的经济政策称为“灵丹妙药”，这一决定对德国经济意味着什么？ 供应链挑战以及市场不确定性增加 德国是欧盟最大的钢铁生产国，在全球排名第七，仅次于中国、印度、日本、美国、俄罗斯和韩国。尽管德国钢铁行业约80%的出口流向欧洲其他国家，但美国仍然是关键市场。2023年，德国企业向美国出口了价值数十亿欧元的钢铁和铝制品。 特朗普的关税政策将对以出口为导向的德国经济造成严重冲击。除钢铝行业，依赖美国市场的其他产业也将受到影响。受加征关税影响最严重的将是德国的钢铁制造商和汽车供应商。 关税可能导致钢铁价格下跌，尤其是如果美国减少进口而欧洲市场的钢铁供应增加。虽然另一方面来说，这也可能降低风力发电机等产品的制造成本。 除直接出口损失外，许多德国企业从美国进口原材料或在当地设有子公司，关税实施将对供应链产生影响，令进口材料价格上涨，推高生产成本，从而削弱德国企业的竞争力。而在美国市场占有重要份额的德国车企也可能因关税实施带来原材料和供应链成本增加，从而面临更高生产成本。 另外，关税政策还将加剧市场的不确定性。投资者对保护主义措施反应敏感，贸易争端进一步升级可能引发股市下跌。 延伸阅读—— 欧盟需要担心与美国的贸易战吗？ 德国业界的不同反应 德国钢铁协会（Wirtschaftsvereinigung Stahl）主席格罗布勒（Gunnar Groebler）认为，美国，作为欧洲钢铁行业最重要的出口市场之一，对钢铝加征关税将在多个层面对欧盟和德国钢铁行业产生深远影响。 格罗布勒表示，德国每年向美国出口约100万吨钢铁，主要是特殊钢材。欧盟整体上约有20%的钢铁出口流向美国市场。关税政策将导致产能转向欧洲，从而加剧欧洲原本就因来自中国的过剩产能而存在的进口压力。格罗布勒因此强调，欧盟应尽快采取统一而迅速的应对措施，应立即对“欧盟保障措施”（EU-Safeguards）做出调整，并呼吁欧盟与美国就达成行业协议展开对话。 蒂森克虏伯（Thyssenkrupp）集团则表示，美国的关税政策对其公司业务的直接影响有限。公司称，其钢铁主要市场在欧洲，对美出口仅占较小份额。公司在美业务主要涉及汽车供应链和贸易，且布局良好，依赖大规模本地生产以供应本地市场，降低了关税带来的风险。但也表示，只有当关税正式生效并结合欧盟可能采取的措施，才能进一步更精确评估其影响。 欧洲如今处境更不利 奥地利经济研究所(WIFO)所长费尔伯迈尔（Gabriel Felbermayr）在接受德新社采访时表示，美国加征钢铝关税更多是一种“威胁手段”，对德国经济来说不利，但不会造成灾难性后果。但他同时也指出，如今欧洲更依赖美国，例如在液化天然气（LNG）供应方面，且欧盟尚未履行当年承诺的工业关税削减。 与八年前相比，欧洲现在与美国的谈判地位更弱。特朗普在其第一个任期内就已对欧洲钢铝产品征收惩罚性关税。在拜登任期内欧盟曾与美国达成“暂停协议”，成功避免了关税战升级。 （德新社等） DW中文有Instagram！欢迎搜寻dw.chinese，看更多深入浅出的图文与影音报导。 © 2025年德国之声版权声明：本文所有内容受到著作权法保护，如无德国之声特别授权，不得擅自使用。任何不当行为都将导致追偿，并受到刑事追究。",
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  "displayDate" : "2025-02-16T08:37:06.712Z",
  "authors" : [ {
    "name" : "  德才",
    "addendum" : ""
  } ],
  "body" : [ {
    "content" : {
      "type" : "Paragraph",
      "text" : "（德国之声中文网）特朗普<a href=\"https://api.dw.com/api/detail/article/71562126\" rel=\"ArticleRef\">宣布对美国进口钢铝征收25%关税</a>，无例外豁免。<span class=\"editable placeholder\" data-id=\"69234616\" data-type=\"AUTO_TOPIC\" title=\"Automatische Themenseite\">特朗普</span>将这一旨在保护美国本土企业并<a href=\"https://api.dw.com/api/detail/article/71541824\" rel=\"ArticleRef\">减少贸易逆差</a>的经济政策称为“灵丹妙药”，这一决定对德国经济意味着什么？"
    }
  }, {
    "content" : {
      "type" : "Paragraph",
      "text" : "<strong>供应链挑战以及市场不确定性增加</strong>"
    }
  }, {
    "content" : {
      "type" : "Paragraph",
      "text" : "德国是<span class=\"editable placeholder\" data-id=\"17452286\" data-type=\"AUTO_TOPIC\" title=\"Automatische Themenseite\">欧盟</span>最大的钢铁生产国，在全球排名第七，仅次于中国、印度、日本、美国、俄罗斯和韩国。尽管德国钢铁行业约80%的出口流向欧洲其他国家，但美国仍然是关键市场。2023年，德国企业向美国出口了价值数十亿欧元的钢铁和铝制品。"
    }
  }, {
    "content" : {
      "type" : "Paragraph",
      "text" : "特朗普的关税政策将对以出口为导向的德国经济<a href=\"https://api.dw.com/api/detail/article/71446255\" rel=\"ArticleRef\">造成严重冲击</a>。除钢铝行业，依赖美国市场的其他产业也将受到影响。受加征关税影响最严重的将是<a href=\"https://api.dw.com/api/detail/article/71293517\" rel=\"ArticleRef\">德国的钢铁制造商</a>和<a href=\"https://api.dw.com/api/detail/article/71204311\" rel=\"ArticleRef\">汽车供应商</a>。"
    }
  }, {
    "content" : {
      "type" : "Paragraph",
      "text" : "关税可能导致钢铁价格下跌，尤其是如果美国减少进口而欧洲市场的钢铁供应增加。虽然另一方面来说，这也可能降低风力发电机等产品的制造成本。"
    }
  }, {
    "content" : {
      "type" : "Paragraph",
      "text" : "除直接出口损失外，许多德国企业从美国进口原材料或在当地设有子公司，关税实施将对供应链产生影响，令进口材料价格上涨，推高生产成本，从而削弱德国企业的竞争力。而在美国市场占有重要份额的德国车企也可能因关税实施带来原材料和供应链成本增加，从而面临更高生产成本。"
    }
  }, {
    "content" : {
      "type" : "Paragraph",
      "text" : "另外，关税政策还将加剧市场的不确定性。投资者对保护主义措施反应敏感，贸易争端进一步升级可能引发股市下跌。"
    }
  }, {
    "content" : {
      "type" : "Paragraph",
      "text" : "<a href=\"https://api.dw.com/api/detail/article/70772278\" rel=\"ArticleRef\">延伸阅读—— 欧盟需要担心与美国的贸易战吗？</a>"
    }
  }, {
    "content" : {
      "type" : "Paragraph",
      "text" : "<strong>德国业界的不同反应</strong>"
    }
  }, {
    "content" : {
      "type" : "Paragraph",
      "text" : "德国钢铁协会（Wirtschaftsvereinigung Stahl）主席格罗布勒（Gunnar Groebler）认为，美国，作为欧洲钢铁行业最重要的出口市场之一，对钢铝加征关税将在多个层面对欧盟和德国钢铁行业产生深远影响。"
    }
  }, {
    "content" : {
      "type" : "Paragraph",
      "text" : "格罗布勒表示，德国每年向美国出口约100万吨钢铁，主要是特殊钢材。欧盟整体上约有20%的钢铁出口流向美国市场。关税政策将导致产能转向欧洲，从而加剧欧洲原本就因来自中国的过剩产能而存在的进口压力。格罗布勒因此强调，欧盟应尽快采取统一而迅速的应对措施，应立即对“欧盟保障措施”（EU-Safeguards）做出调整，并呼吁欧盟与美国就达成行业协议展开对话。 "
    }
  }, {
    "content" : {
      "type" : "Paragraph",
      "text" : "蒂森克虏伯（Thyssenkrupp）集团则表示，<a href=\"https://api.dw.com/api/detail/article/71542721\" rel=\"ArticleRef\">美国的关税政策</a>对其公司业务的直接影响有限。公司称，其钢铁主要市场在欧洲，对美出口仅占较小份额。公司在美业务主要涉及汽车供应链和贸易，且布局良好，依赖大规模本地生产以供应本地市场，降低了关税带来的风险。但也表示，只有当关税正式生效并结合欧盟可能采取的措施，才能进一步更精确评估其影响。"
    }
  }, {
    "content" : {
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      "name" : "图为蒂森克虏伯钢铁公司的一名员工正在查看由二氧化碳减排钢制成的线圈",
      "description" : "蒂森克虏伯（Thyssenkrupp）集团称美国关税对其业务的直接重大影响有限（图为该钢铁公司的一名员工正在查看由二氧化碳减排钢制成的线圈）",
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    "content" : {
      "type" : "Paragraph",
      "text" : "<strong>欧洲如今处境更不利</strong>"
    }
  }, {
    "content" : {
      "type" : "Paragraph",
      "text" : "奥地利经济研究所(WIFO)所长费尔伯迈尔（Gabriel Felbermayr）在接受德新社采访时表示，美国加征钢铝关税更多是一种“威胁手段”，对德国经济来说不利，但不会造成灾难性后果。但他同时也指出，如今欧洲更依赖美国，例如在液化天然气（LNG）供应方面，且欧盟尚未履行当年承诺的工业关税削减。"
    }
  }, {
    "content" : {
      "type" : "Paragraph",
      "text" : "与八年前相比，欧洲现在与美国的谈判地位更弱。特朗普在其第一个任期内就已对欧洲钢铝产品征收惩罚性关税。在拜登任期内欧盟曾与美国达成“暂停协议”，<a href=\"https://api.dw.com/api/detail/article/57563086\" rel=\"ArticleRef\">成功避免了关税战升级</a>。"
    }
  }, {
    "content" : {
      "type" : "Paragraph",
      "text" : "（德新社等）"
    }
  }, {
    "content" : {
      "type" : "Paragraph",
      "text" : "DW中文有Instagram！欢迎搜寻dw.chinese，看更多深入浅出的图文与影音报导。"
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